October 10, 2008

Friday Loanword: šigāru

Sarfon's slavesAkkadian šigāru/sigāru can stand for some part of a lock but it also means neckstock. For example, referring to Lugalzagesi, king of Uruk, a Sargonic text says, ina si-gar-rìm ana bāb Enlil ūruš, "and led him in neck stocks to the Gate of Enlil." See Afo 20 35 i27 and CAD Š2, 410. And take a look at the picture on the left from a late third millennium stele. I cropped it from a larger and more complete picture of the stele.

Now let's take a look at Ezekiel 19:9.

וַֽיִּתְּנֻ֤הוּ בַסּוּגַר֙ בַּֽחַחִ֔ים וַיְבִאֻ֖הוּ אֶל־מֶ֣לֶךְ בָּבֶ֑ל יְבִאֻ֙הוּ֙ בַּמְּצֹד֔וֹת
לְמַ֗עַן לֹא־יִשָּׁמַ֥ע קוֹל֛וֹ ע֖וֹד אֶל־הָרֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל

They put him in סּוּגַר , in fetters, and brought him to the king of Babylon. They brought into custody,
so that his voice should not be heard again on the mountains of Israel.

Exactly who "him" refers to not clear: Jehoahaz? Jehoiachin? Zedekiah? Someone else?

The LXX reads εν κημω, "in a muzzle," for the Hebrew בַסּוּגַר. It is common to translate סּוּגַר "cage" or the like. But in the light of Akkadian šigāru, E. Gordon argued, correctly I think, that סּוּגַר should be understood as meaning "neck-stock."

One would expect something like סְּגוֹר rather than סּוּגַר. Mankowski, 109, observes,

The only reasonably certain BH attestation of the word occurs in the Ezekiel passage cited above. The MT סוגר is probably a scribal error for סגור. The JA (Young Aramaic) vocalization (with ô) may indicate Canaanite influence.

As is often the case, the Akkadian word is itself a loan from Sumerian sagar.

References:

Gordon Edmund I., "Of Princes and Foxes: The Neck-Stock in the Newly-Discovered Agade Stele," Sumer, 12 (1956), 80-84.

Mankowski, Paul V., Akkadian Loanwords in Biblical Hebrew, Harvard Semitic Studies, 47, Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 2000

Posted by Duane Smith at October 10, 2008 8:34 PM | Read more on Hebrew Bible |

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